Roof mounting system

ABSTRACT

A roof mount assembly mounts a structure to a roof having a rafter and a substrate supported by the rafter. The roof mount assembly includes a piece of flashing positioned on the substrate. The flashing includes a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface and an aperture extending through the flashing. A fastener extends through the flashing aperture. A bracket is connected to the flashing via the fastener, and the bracket is sized to support at least one roof-mounted structure on the roof. A seal is positioned between the flashing aperture and the fastener. The seal is sized to form a water-tight seal with the aperture to inhibit flow of fluid through the aperture. The seal includes a first portion and a second portion, in which the first portion is positioned to abut the flashing first surface and the second portion is positioned to extend through the aperture.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/711,745, filed on Sep. 21, 2017 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,090,801, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/461,166, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,793,853, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/229,974, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,774,292, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/003,472, filed on Jan. 21, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,723, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/813,199 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,721, filed Jul. 30, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/253,687, filed Apr. 15, 2014 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,127,464, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/271,650, filed Oct. 12, 2011 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,701,354, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/166,542, filed Jun. 22, 2011 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,146,299, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/914,209, filed Oct. 28, 2010 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,914, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/727,726, filed Mar. 19, 2010 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,153,700, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/161,668, filed Mar. 19, 2009, the entire contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/914,209 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,914 also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/298,101, filed Jan. 25, 2010, and 61/345,885, filed May 18, 2010, the entire contents of both of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/711,745, filed on Sep. 21, 2017 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,090,801, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/461,166, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,793,853, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/229,974, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,774,292, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/003,472, filed on Jan. 21, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,723, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/813,199, filed Jul. 30, 2015 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,721, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/253,687, filed Apr. 15, 2014 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,127,464, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/271,650, filed Oct. 12, 2011 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,701,354, which is also a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/914,209, filed Oct. 28, 2010 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,914, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/727,726 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,153,700, filed Mar. 19, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/161,668, filed Mar. 19, 2009, the entire contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/914,209 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,209,914 also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/298,101, filed Jan. 25, 2010, and 61/345,885, filed May 18, 2010, the entire contents of both of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/711,745, filed on Sep. 21, 2017 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,090,801, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/461,166, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,793,853, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/229,974, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,774,292, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/003,472, filed on Jan. 21, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,723, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/813,199, filed Jul. 30, 2015 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,721, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/253,687, filed Apr. 15, 2014 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,127,464, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/271,650, filed Oct. 12, 2011 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,701,354, which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/166,378, filed Jun. 22, 2011 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,151,522, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/727,726, filed Mar. 19, 2010 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,153,700, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/161,668, filed Mar. 19, 2009, the entire contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/711,745, filed on Sep. 21, 2017 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,090,801, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/461,166, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,793,853, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/229,974, filed on Aug. 5, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,774,292, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/003,472, filed on Jan. 21, 2016 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,723, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/813,199, filed Jul. 30, 2015 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,721, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/253,687, filed Apr. 15, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/271,650, filed Oct. 12, 2011 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,701,354, which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/727,726 issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,153,700, filed Mar. 19, 2010, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/161,668, filed Mar. 19, 2009, the entire contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to roofing systems and roof-mounted fixtures and methods for assembling and installing the same.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a roof mount assembly is provided for mounting a structure to a roof, the roof including at least one rafter and a substrate at least partially covering the at least one rafter. The roof mount assembly may generally include flashing positioned on the substrate, the flashing defining a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface and an aperture extending therethrough; a fastener extending through the aperture; a bracket connected to the flashing by the fastener, the bracket being configured to support at least one roof-mounted structure on the roof; and a seal including a first portion positionable between the first surface of the flashing and the bracket and a second portion positionable to extend through the aperture and between the flashing and the fastener; the seal forming a water-tight seal to inhibit flow of fluid through the aperture.

In some embodiments, a method is provided for mounting a roof mount assembly to a roof the roof including at least one rafter and a substrate at least partially covering the at least one rafter. The method may generally include inserting a seal into an aperture defined in a flashing; positioning the flashing and the seal on the roof; positioning a bracket on the flashing; extending a fastener through the bracket, the flashing and the seal and into the at least one rafter; retaining the bracket, the flashing and the seal on the roof with the fastener; and inhibiting fluid flow through the aperture with the seal.

Independent aspects of the invention will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description, claims and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top view of a roofing system according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of the roofing system of FIG. 1, taken along line A-A of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 is a top view of flashing from the roofing system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the flashing shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a front view of the flashing shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a side view of the flashing shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a top view of a seal for use with the flashing shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6A is a front view of an alternate seal for use with the flashing shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7-7 shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 7A is a bottom perspective view of the seal shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the seal shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8A is a top perspective view of the seal shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 9 is a top view of the flashing of FIG. 2 with the seal shown in FIG. 6 installed in the aperture.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the flashing and seal shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a front view of the flashing and seal shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 is a side view of the flashing and seal shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 13 is a side view of a bracket for use with the flashing and seal.

FIG. 13A is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the bracket.

FIG. 14 is a bottom view of the bracket shown in FIG. 13.

FIG. 14A is a bottom view of the bracket shown in FIG. 13A.

FIG. 15 is a top view of an assembly including the flashing, the seal, the bracket and a fastener.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the assembly shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a front view of the assembly shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 18 is a side view of the assembly shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 19 is an exploded view of the assembly shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 20 is a top view of a second embodiment of flashing according to the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of the flashing shown in FIG. 20.

FIG. 22 is a front view of the flashing shown in FIG. 20.

FIG. 23 is a side view of the flashing shown in FIG. 20.

FIG. 24 is a top view of the flashing shown in FIG. 20 including seals installed in the flashing apertures.

FIG. 25 is a perspective view of the flashing and seals shown in FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 is a front view of the flashing and seals shown in FIG. 24.

FIG. 27 is a side view of the flashing and seals shown in FIG. 24.

FIG. 28 is a side view of a bracket for use with the flashing and seals shown in FIG. 24.

FIG. 28A is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the bracket.

FIG. 29 is a bottom view of the bracket shown in FIG. 28.

FIG. 29A is a bottom view of the bracket shown in FIG. 28A.

FIG. 30 is a top view of an assembly including the flashing, the seals, the bracket and two fasteners.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the assembly shown in FIG. 30.

FIG. 32 is a front view of the assembly shown in FIG. 30.

FIG. 33 is a side view of the assembly shown in FIG. 30.

FIG. 34 is an exploded view of the assembly shown in FIG. 30.

FIG. 35 is a top view of a third embodiment of flashing including one aperture.

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of the flashing shown in FIG. 35.

FIG. 37 is a front view of the flashing shown in FIG. 35.

FIG. 38 is a side view of the flashing shown in FIG. 35.

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of the flashing shown in FIG. 35 including the seal shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 40 is a side view of a bracket for use with the flashing and seal shown in FIG. 35.

FIG. 41 is a bottom view of the bracket shown in FIG. 40.

FIG. 42 is a bottom perspective view of the bracket shown in FIG. 40.

FIG. 43 is a top view of a fourth embodiment of flashing including one aperture.

FIG. 44 is a perspective view of the flashing shown in FIG. 43.

FIG. 45 is a front view of the flashing shown in FIG. 43.

FIG. 46 is a side view of the flashing shown in FIG. 43.

FIG. 47 is a perspective view of an assembly including the flashing shown in FIG. 43 and a bracket.

FIG. 48 is a top perspective view of a bracket including a membrane exploded off of the bracket for clarity.

FIG. 49 is a bottom perspective of the bracket and membrane of FIG. 48.

FIG. 50 is an exploded view of another roofing system embodiment.

FIG. 51 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 50, taken along line 51-51 of FIG. 50.

FIG. 52 is a partial cross-sectional view of another roofing system embodiment.

FIG. 53 is a partial cross-sectional view of the roofing system of FIG. 52 with an alternative flashing arrangement.

FIG. 54 is a top view of a flashing and seal according to some independent embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 55 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 55-55 of FIG. 54 and illustrating the seal.

FIG. 56 is an exploded view of the flashing and the seal of FIGS. 54 and 55.

FIG. 57 is an alternate construction of the flashing shown in FIGS. 54-56.

FIG. 58 is a top view of a flashing and the seal according to some independent embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 59 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 59-59 of FIG. 58 and illustrating the seal.

FIG. 60 is a perspective view of a panel mounted to a track system for mounting to a roof surface.

FIG. 61 is a close-up perspective view of FIG. 60 with the panel shown in phantom, to more clearly illustrate the connection between the panel and the track system.

FIG. 62 is a side view of the panel and snow fence of FIGS. 60 and 61.

FIG. 63 is a perspective view of a panel and a snow fence mounted to a track system for mounting to a roof surface.

FIG. 64 is a cross-sectional view of the panel and snow fence taken along line 64-64 of FIG. 63.

FIG. 65 is a perspective view of a structure for mounting the panel and snow fence to the roof without the use of a track that can be utilized with any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

FIG. 66 is a side view of a first adjustable bracket shown in a first position in solid and a second position in phantom that can be utilized with any of the embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 67 is a perspective view of the first adjustable bracket of FIG. 66.

FIGS. 68-70 are various views of a second adjustable bracket that can be utilized with any of the embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 71 is a top view of a roofing system according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 72 is a cross-sectional view of the roofing system of FIG. 71, taken along line 72-72 of FIG. 71.

FIG. 73 is a front view of a mounting assembly from the roofing system of FIGS. 71 and 72.

FIG. 74 is an exploded view of the mounting assembly of FIGS. 71-73.

FIG. 75 is a top view of a mounting assembly according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 76 is a cross-sectional view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 75, taken along line 76-76 of FIG. 75.

FIG. 77 is a front view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 75.

FIG. 78 is an exploded view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 75.

FIG. 79 is an end view of a bracket according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 80 is a top view of the bracket of FIG. 79.

FIG. 81 is a side view of the bracket of FIG. 79.

FIG. 82 is a bottom view of the bracket of FIG. 79.

FIG. 83 is a perspective view of the mounting assembly according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 84 is a perspective view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 83 and including an attachment bracket.

FIG. 85 is a perspective view of the mounting assembly of FIGS. 83 and 84 in an alternate orientation.

FIG. 86 is a top view of a mounting assembly according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 87 is a cross-sectional view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 86, taken along line 87-87 of FIG. 86.

FIG. 88 is a front view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 86.

FIG. 89 is an exploded view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 86.

FIG. 90 is a top view of a mounting assembly according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 91 is a front view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 90.

FIG. 92 is a perspective view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 90.

FIG. 93 is a side view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 90.

FIG. 94 is an exploded view of the mounting assembly of FIG. 90.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before any independent embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,” “connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings.

Also, it is to be understood that phraseology and terminology used herein with reference to device or element orientation (such as, for example, terms like “central,” “upper,” “lower,” “front,” “rear,” etc.) are only used to simplify description of embodiments of the present invention and do not alone indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation. In addition, terms such as “first” and “second” are used herein for purposes of description and are not intended to indicate or imply relative importance or significance.

FIGS. 1 and 1A illustrate a roofing system 10 including a number of rafters or beams 12, a roof substrate 14 (e.g., tarpaper, plywood or other decking material, insulation, and the like) supported on the rafters 12, flashing 16 extending across the substrate 14 (i.e., placed immediately adjacent an upper surface of the substrate 14 or supported on one or more intermediate layers of roofing or sealing material, which in turn are placed on the substrate 14), a seal 18, a mounting bracket 20 and at least one fastener 22 operable to connect the bracket 20 to the roof substrate 14 and the flashing 16. In the illustrated embodiment, the roofing system 10 includes a washer 21 positioned between the mounting bracket 20 and the fastener 22. In some embodiments, the washer 21 can be a spring washer, a compression lock washer, a sealing ring or the like. In some embodiments, the washer 21 is omitted. The roofing system 10 is operable to support any of a variety of roof-mounted fixtures, such as, for example, snow fences, solar panels, an antenna, signs, billboards, or any of a number of other roof-mountable assemblies. Depending on one or more of the geographic location, anticipated quantity and type of precipitation, and anticipated roof and wind loading, the roofing system 10 can include any of a variety of flashing, seal and bracket arrangements, as will be discussed below.

The bracket 20 is operable to support any of a variety of roof-mounted fixtures, such as snow guards, snow fences, solar panels, an antenna, signs, billboards, or any other assembly mountable to a roof. Some roof-mounted fixtures are described in detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,326, filed Jun. 16, 1995, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,526,701, filed Dec. 6, 2000, the contents of both of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Prior to installation of the roofing system 10, apertures 24 are drilled or otherwise created in the rafters 12 and/or substrate 14. The illustrated embodiment shows apertures 24 in the substrate 14. The roofing system 10 inhibits leakage of fluids through the flashing 16, and, in some embodiments, may also or alternately inhibit leakage of fluids beyond the flashing to portions of the substrate 14 or areas below the substrate 14. The roofing system 10 can be utilized on any of a variety of roof types, such as slate roofs, membrane roofs, aluminum roofs, standing seam roofs, tile roofs, shingle roofs, and the like.

A first embodiment of flashing 16 for the roofing system 10 is illustrated in FIGS. 2-5. The flashing 16 of the embodiment of FIGS. 2-5 extends substantially along a plane but includes an upwardly extending protrusion, such as the illustrated projection 30 that tapers upward, out of the plane. The upwardly extending projection 30 has a first diameter d1 in the plane, and a second diameter d2 in a second plane that is substantially parallel to but spaced from the plane. The second diameter d2 is less than the first diameter d1, to form a truncated cone or frustoconical shape. In other embodiments, the projections 30 can have other shapes and configurations, corresponding to the shape of an underside of an associated mounting bracket 20.

As best illustrated in FIG. 1A, the projection 30 defines a concave interior side 26, an exterior side 27 and a frustoconical end 28. As used herein, frustoconical includes cones with rounded, flat, non-flat or nearly flat upper portions and truncated cones with rounded, flat, non-flat or nearly flat upper portions. As mentioned above, the projections 30 can have a number of different shapes and configurations. Similarly, in some embodiments, the concave interior side 26 of the projection 30 may have a number of different shapes and configurations, including but not limited to configurations in which the arch provided by the interior side 26 does not include a uniform radius.

The concave interior side 26 and the flashing 16 define a space therebetween. A seal can be positioned within the space to at least partially fill the space to further inhibit leakage through the aperture 24. The seal has been omitted from FIG. 1A for clarity, but is illustrated and described in other embodiments. Any of the seals shown or described herein can be utilized with the roofing system shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A.

With continued reference to FIGS. 2-5, the upwardly extending projection 30 defines an aperture 32 positioned substantially in the second plane. The illustrated upwardly extending projection 30 and aperture 32 are circular, but in other embodiments, can be square, D-shaped, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, ovular, or other regular or irregular shapes. The illustrated aperture 32 is substantially centered on the upwardly extending projection 30, but other, non-centered embodiments are possible. The flashing 16 has a first side 34 and a second side 36 opposite the first side 34. The first side 34 and the second side 36 are substantially planar, apart from the projection 30.

In some embodiments, the aperture 32 is sized to receive a seal 18 therethrough. The seal 18 can extend through the flashing 16, such that the seal 18 engages or contacts the first side 34 of the flashing 16 and the second side 36 of the flashing 16. The illustrated seal 18 includes a first end portion 40 that forms a substantially circular disk having a planar end surface 41 and a second end portion 42 that forms a substantially circular disk having a planar end surface 43 substantially parallel to the planar end surface 41. The illustrated seal 18 also defines a stem, such as the illustrated tapered central portion 44, extending between the first end portion 40 and the second end portion 42. The tapered central portion 44 has a first diameter d3 adjacent the planar end surface 41 and a second diameter d4 adjacent the planar end surface 43. The first diameter d3 is less than the second diameter d4. The diameter of the tapered central portion 44 increases from the first diameter d3 to the second diameter d4 substantially linearly to form a taper along a substantially constant angle. The seal 18 has a substantially cylindrical overall shape, with a notch 45 cut out between the first end portion 40 and the second end portion 42 along the tapered central portion 44. The notch 45 is defined by a tapered surface 46 extending between the first and second end portions 40, 42. In the illustrated embodiment, the second diameter d4 is approximately equal to the diameter of the first end portion 40 and the diameter of the second end portion 42.

The illustrated seal 18 defines a substantially cylindrical aperture 48 that is substantially centrally located in the seal 18. The aperture 48 extends normal to the outside surfaces of the first and second end portions 40, 42 and parallel to the substantially cylindrical overall shape of the seal 18, in the illustrated embodiment. The aperture 48 has a smaller diameter than the seal first diameter d3, as shown in FIG. 7, so that the seal 18 has an adequate thickness between the first and second end portions 40, 42. The seal 18 can be made from any suitable resilient sealing or elastomeric material, such as polymers, rubbers, plastics, and the like.

The seal 18 is insertable into the aperture 32 to couple the seal 18 to the flashing 16, as illustrated in FIGS. 9-12. The notch 45 is sized to receive the flashing 16 therein. The seal 18 is operable to form a compression seal by being held against the concave interior side 26 of the flashing 16. The seal 18 can be factory-installed in the flashing aperture 32 or can be inserted by on-site at a customer's building. A fixture for a punch press can be sized to install the seals 18 into the respective apertures 32. In some embodiments, the punch press can be utilized to form the projection 30 and the aperture 32 in flashing 16, at the same time. In some embodiments, the punch press can form the projection 30 and the aperture 32 in the flashing 16 and then insert the seal 18 into the aperture 32, either during the same operation or during a separate operation.

In some embodiments, a hand tool can be utilized to insert the seal 18 into the aperture 32. This tool can be operated by a single user to press or otherwise urge the first end portion 40 through the aperture 32, such that the projection 30 contacts the tapered surface 46 of the tapered central portion 44. The tool can include one or more fingers to engage the seal 18 and pull or push the seal 18 through the aperture 32. The fingers can be inserted through the aperture 32 from the flashing first side 34 toward the flashing second side 36. The fingers can then squeeze or pinch the first end portion 40 to temporarily reduce the diameter of the first end portion 40. In another embodiment, the fingers can grasp a portion of the first end portion 40. The first end portion 40 is then pulled through the aperture 32. The seal 18 is resilient, such that the seal 18 returns to its previous shape and size after being inserted into the aperture 32.

An alternate seal 18A is illustrated in FIGS. 6A-8A. The seal 18A, like seal 18 can extend through the flashing 16 such that the seal 18A engages or contacts the first side 34 of the flashing 16 and the second side 36 of the flashing 16. The illustrated seal 18A includes a first end portion 40A and a second end portion 42A, spaced from the first end portion 40A. The first end portion 40A is tapered from a first diameter dA1 outward to a second diameter dA2, which is greater than the first diameter dA1. The first end portion 40A at the first diameter dA1 has a substantially planar end surface 41A. The illustrated first end portion 40A tapers along a constant slope, but in other embodiments, tapers of varying slope are possible. The second end portion 42A is tapered from a third diameter dA3 inward to a location having a diameter which is less than the third diameter dA3. The second end portion 42A at the third diameter dA3 has a substantially planar end surface 43A, which is substantially parallel to the planar end surface 41A, as shown in FIG. 6A. The illustrated second end portion 42A tapers along a constant slope, but in other embodiments, tapers of varying slope are possible. In the illustrated embodiment, the slope of the first end portion 40A is substantially identical to the slope of the second end portion 42A. In other embodiments, the slope of the first end portion 40A can be greater or less than the slope of the second end portion 42A.

The seal 18A includes a central portion 44A that is positioned between the first end portion 40A and the second end portion 42A. The central portion 44A is substantially disk-shaped and has a substantially constant diameter. In the illustrated embodiment, the central portion 44A has a diameter equal to the second diameter dA2. The central portion 44A extends between the first end portion 40A and the second end portion 42A and defines a notch 45A therebetween. The notch 45A permits the first end portion 40A to be compressed without compressing the second end portion 42A.

Although the illustrated seal 18A does not include an aperture, the seal 18A can define a substantially cylindrical aperture that is substantially centrally located in the seal 18A, similar to the aperture 48 shown in seal 18. The aperture extends normal to the planar end surfaces of the first and second end portions 40A, 42A, in the illustrated embodiment. The aperture can have a smaller diameter than the seal first diameter dA1, so that the seal 18A has an adequate thickness between the first and second end portions 40A, 42A. In some embodiments, the aperture can have a diameter equal to the dA1, such that the first end portion 40A tapers upward toward the aperture. In some such embodiments, the aperture can be formed only when a fastener is inserted through the flashing 16 and the seal 18A during installation of the roofing system 10. In other embodiments, the aperture can be formed in the seal prior to assembly of the roofing system 10. The seal 18A, like seal 18, can be made from any suitable resilient sealing material, such as polymers, rubbers, and the like.

The seal 18A is insertable into the aperture 32 in the flashing 16 to couple the seal 18A to the flashing 16. When installed, the first end portion 40A extends through the aperture 32, such that the flashing 16 is positioned between the first end portion 40A and the second end portion 42A. The notch 45A is sized to receive the flashing 16 therein.

A bracket, such as the bracket 20 illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14, can be coupled to the seal 18 and flashing 16. The illustrated bracket 20 is generally z-shaped and includes an elongate body portion 52 having a first end 54 and a second end 56 spaced from the first end 54. A first flange 58 is coupled to the first end 54 and extends substantially perpendicular to the elongate body portion 52 in a first direction. A second flange 60 is coupled to the second end 56 and extends substantially perpendicular to the elongate body portion 52 in a second direction, opposite the first direction. The first flange 58 defines an aperture 62 extending substantially parallel to the elongate body portion 52. The illustrated aperture 62 is substantially ovular, but other shapes, such as circular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, and the like are possible. The aperture 62 is sized to receive a fastener, protrusion, or the like therethrough. The ovular shape of the aperture 62 permits flexibility and slight relative movement between the bracket 20 and the fastener, projection or the like, when installed.

The second flange 60 of the bracket 20 defines an aperture 64 that includes a first aperture portion 64 a and a second aperture portion 64 b. The first aperture portion 64 a has a substantially cylindrical shape and defines a first diameter d5. The second aperture portion 64 b has a substantially cylindrical shape and defines a second diameter d6 that is less than the first diameter d5. The first aperture portion 64 a is sized to receive the seal first end portion 40. The second aperture portion 64 b is sized to be smaller than the seal first end portion 40 to permit pre-loading of the seal 18, to thereby seal the aperture 64 with the seal 18.

An alternate embodiment of the bracket 20A is shown in FIGS. 13A and 14A. The bracket 20A differs from the bracket 20 in that the second flange 60A includes an aperture 66. The aperture 66 includes a first aperture portion 66 a and a second aperture portion 66 b. The first aperture portion 66 a has a substantially constant diameter da. The second aperture portion 66 b has a variable, tapering diameter starting at diameter db, which is less than da and tapering inward to diameter dc. Diameter dc is less than either da or db. The second aperture portion 66 b has a substantially constant slope at which the diameter changes between db and dc. In some embodiments, the aperture 66 is tapered along the entire distance between da and dc. In other embodiments, diameters da and db are substantially equal. In still other embodiments, the slope of the tapered portion 66 b is greater or less than the illustrated slope. In yet other embodiments, the relative heights of the first aperture portion 66 a and the second aperture portion 66 b are variable.

The projection 30 in the flashing 16 is sized to receive the second end portion 42A, as discussed above. The aperture 66 is sized to receive the seal 18A and at least partially pre-load the seal 18A to enhance the seal between the seal 18 and the bracket 20A. In some embodiments, a differently shaped seal can be utilized. One such seal 18A is illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 7A. The seal 18A is sized to substantially mate with the aperture 66, such that the aperture 66 can slightly pre-load the seal 18A. The first aperture portion 66 a is sized to receive the central portion 44A, such that da is substantially equal to or slightly less than dA2. In some embodiments, the central portion 44A can be slightly tapered to permit insertion into the first aperture portion 66 a when da is slightly less than dA2. The aperture portion 66 b is sized to receive the first end portion 40A, such that dc is substantially equal to or slightly less than dA1, and db is substantially equal to or slightly less than dA2. In embodiments where dc and db are slightly less than dA1 and dA2, respectfully, slight pre-loading occurs when the seal 18A is pressed into the aperture 66. In embodiments where dc and db are substantially equal to dA1 and dA2, respectfully, the seal 18A can be preloaded by pressing the seal 18A into the bracket 20A by use of a fastener and the shape and size of the projection 30 in the flashing 16.

The seals 18 and 18A can be inserted into either or both apertures 64 or 66, and other configurations and arrangements of seals and apertures can be utilized to achieve the desired seal between the flashing 16 and the bracket 20 or 20A.

One or more fasteners can be used to couple the bracket 20 to the seal 18 and flashing 16 to form a roofing assembly. One such assembly 70 is illustrated in FIGS. 15-19 and includes the flashing 16, the seal 18, the bracket 20, one fastener 22, and a washer 72. The washer 72 can be a polymeric compression washer to provide a substantially water-tight seal between the fastener 22 and the bracket aperture 64. In some embodiments, the washer 72 can be omitted or can be replaced by an o-ring or an applied sealant, such as caulk. Alternatively or in addition, the washer 72 can include a stiffening element, such as, for example, a rigid backing, to provide additional support.

The assembly 70 can be installed on a roof. The fastener 22 can extend through the flashing 16, the seal 18, the bracket 20, into the substrate 14 and the rafters 12, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 1A. The washer 72 and the seal 18 work together to prevent or inhibit entry of water or other fluid into the aperture 64 or to the rafters 12 and/or substrate 14. Even though the illustrated fasteners are bolts, other fasteners, such as screws, studs, nails, and other removable and non-removable fasteners, can be used.

A similar assembly can be formed with the seal 18A and the bracket 20A. This assembly can also include a fastener 22 and a washer 72, as described above. The seals 18, 18A can be used interchangeably with brackets 20, 20A, and other shapes and arrangements of seals and brackets are possible.

FIGS. 20-34 illustrate another embodiment of a roofing system 110 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing system 10 described above in connection with FIGS. 1-19. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-19. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-19 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing system 110 illustrated in FIGS. 20-34 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 20-34 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-19 are numbered in the 100 series of reference numbers.

The second flashing 116 is substantially in the shape of a rectangular sheet having rounded corners. The flashing 116 extends substantially along a plane but includes a first upwardly extending projection 130 that tapers upwardly, out of the plane. The first upwardly extending projection 130 has a first diameter d7 in the plane, and a second diameter d8 in a second plane that is substantially parallel to but spaced from the plane. The second diameter d8 is less than the first diameter d7, to form a truncated cone or frustoconical shape. The diameters d7 and d8 can be the same as or different than the diameters d1 and d2 of the projection 30 described above.

The primary difference between the roofing system 110 embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 20-34 and the roofing system embodiment 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-19 is that the roofing system 110 includes a second upwardly extending projection 131 in the flashing 116. The second upwardly extending projection 131 has a first diameter d9 in the plane, and a second diameter d10 in a second plane that is substantially parallel to but spaced from the plane. The second diameter d10 is less than the first diameter d9, to form a truncated cone or frustoconical shape. The diameters d9 and d10 can be the same as or different than the diameters d7 and d8 of the first projection 130 described above.

Each of the upwardly extending projections 130, 131 defines an aperture 132, 133 positioned substantially in the second plane. The illustrated projections 130, 131 are substantially the same size and shape as the projection 30, but can have different shapes and configurations. Alternatively, each of the projections 130, 131 can have a different shape or configuration so as to require the corresponding mounting bracket 120 to be installed in a specific desired orientation relative to the flashing 116. The illustrated upwardly extending projections 130, 131 and respective apertures 132, 133 are circular, but in other embodiments, can be square, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, ovular, or other regular or irregular shapes. The illustrated apertures 132, 133 are substantially centered on the respective upwardly extending projections 130, 131, but other, non-centered embodiments are possible. The second flashing 116 has a first side 134 and a second side 136 opposite the first side 134. The first side 134 and the second side 136 are substantially planar apart from the projections 130, 131.

First and second seals 118, 119 can be inserted into respective apertures 132, 133, as described above and as illustrated in FIGS. 24-27. In other embodiments, a seal similar to seal 18A can be inserted into the flashing 116. Other aperture 132, 133 and seal configurations are possible and are considered to be within the scope of the present invention. The seals 118, 119 can be inserted into the respective apertures 132, 133 as discussed above, such as with a punch press, a hand tool, or the like.

A bracket, such as the bracket 120 illustrated in FIGS. 28 and 29, can be coupled to the seals 118, 119 and flashing 116. The illustrated bracket 120 is generally z-shaped and includes an elongate body portion 152 having a first end 154 and a second end 156 spaced from the first end 154. A first flange 158 is coupled to the first end 154 and extends substantially perpendicular to the elongate body portion 152 in a first direction. A second flange 160 is coupled to the second end 156 and extends substantially perpendicular to the elongate body portion 152 in a second direction, opposite the first direction. The first flange 158 defines a pair of apertures 162, 163 extending substantially parallel to the elongate body portion 152. The illustrated apertures 162, 163 are substantially ovular, but other shapes, such as circular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, and the like are possible. The apertures 162, 163 are sized to receive a fastener, projection, or the like therethrough. The ovular shape of the apertures 162, 163 permits flexibility and slight relative movement between the bracket 120 and the fastener, projection or the like, when installed.

The second flange 160 of the bracket 120 defines a first aperture 164 that includes a first aperture portion 164 a and a second aperture portion 164 b. The second flange 160 of the bracket further defines a second aperture 165 that includes a first aperture portion 165 a and a second aperture portion 165 b. The first aperture portions 164 a, 165 a have a substantially cylindrical shape and define a first diameter d11. The second aperture portions 164 b, 165 b have a substantially cylindrical shape and define a second diameter d12 that is less than the first diameter d11. The first aperture portions 164 a, 165 a are sized to receive the seal 118. The second aperture portions 164 b, 165 b are sized to be smaller than the seal 118, to permit pre-loading of the seal 118, to thereby seal the aperture 164 with the seal 118.

The apertures 164, 165 can have the same shape and size as aperture 64, or can be larger than or smaller than the aperture 64. First aperture portions 164 a, 165 a can have different diameters to denote proper orientation of the bracket 120 on the flashing 116. Other configurations and arrangement of brackets and apertures are possible and are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.

An alternate embodiment of the bracket 120A is shown in FIGS. 28A and 29A. The bracket 120A is similar to the bracket 120 shown in FIGS. 28 and 29, such that items include the indicator “A” to denote the similarity. The bracket 120A differs from the bracket 120 in that the second flange 160A includes apertures 166 and 167. The apertures 166, 167 have a variable, tapering diameter starting at diameter dd, and tapering inward to diameter de. Diameter dc is less than da. The apertures 166, 167 have a substantially constant slope at which the diameter changes between da and dc. In some embodiments, the apertures 166, 167 are tapered along only a portion of the distance between da and dc. In still other embodiments, the slopes of the respective apertures 166, 167 are greater or less than the illustrated slope. The apertures 166, 167 can have the same diameters dd, de or can have different diameters and/or different slopes.

The apertures 166, 167 are sized to receive a seal similar to seal 18A, illustrated in FIGS. 6A-8A, and at least partially pre-loading the seal 18A to enhance the seal between the seal 18 and the bracket 20A. In some embodiments, a differently shaped seal can be utilized. The seals 118, 119 or other similar seals can be inserted into either apertures 164, 165 or 166, 165. Other configurations and arrangements of seals and apertures can be utilized to achieve the desired seal between the flashing 116 and the bracket 120 or 120A.

One or more fasteners can be used to couple the bracket 120, 120A to the seals 118, 119 and flashing 116 to form a roofing assembly. One such assembly 170 is illustrated in FIGS. 30-34 and includes the flashing 116, the seals 118, 119, the bracket 120, two fasteners 122, 123 and two washers 172, 173. The washers 172, 173 can be polymeric compression washers to provide a substantially water-tight seal between the fastener 122, 123 and the bracket apertures 164, 165. In some embodiments, the washers 172, 173 can be omitted or can be replaced by an o-ring or an applied sealant, such as caulk.

The assembly 170 can be installed on a roof. The fasteners 122, 123 can extend through the flashing 116, the respective seals 118, 119, the bracket 120, and into rafters or substrate similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 1A. The washers 172, 173 and the seals 118, 119 work together to prevent or inhibit entry of water or other fluid into the apertures 164, 165 or the rafters 12 and/or substrate 14. Even though the illustrated fasteners are bolts, other fasteners, such as screws, studs, nails, and other acceptable removable and non-removable fasteners, can be used.

The bracket 120 is operable to support any of a variety of roof-mounted fixtures, such as snow guards, snow fences, solar panels, an antenna, signs, billboards, walkways, pipe lines, mechanical units, signage, screens, cabling or any other assembly mountable to a roof. The inclusion of two projections 130, 131 can be beneficial to inhibit rotation of a bracket 120 while mounted on a roof and/or to define a specific orientation of a bracket 120 relative to the roof. Other bracket configurations and arrangements are possible, and the illustrated bracket 120 is provided by way of example only. In some embodiments, bracket 20 can be coupled to only one projection 130, 131, such that the brackets 20 can have different orientations, and the unused projection can be sealed with other structure.

A similar assembly can be formed with the seal 118A, 119A and the bracket 120A. This assembly can also include a pair of fasteners 122, 123 and washers 172, 173, as described above. The seals 118, 118A, 119, 119A can be used interchangeably with brackets 120, 120A, and other shapes and arrangements of seals and brackets are possible.

FIGS. 35-42 illustrate another embodiment of a roofing system 210 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing systems 10, 110 described above in connection with FIGS. 1-34. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-34. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-34 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing system 210 illustrated in FIGS. 35-42 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 35-42 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-34 are numbered in the 200 series of reference numbers.

A third flashing 216 is illustrated in FIGS. 35-39. The third flashing 216 is substantially in the shape of a rectangular sheet having square corners. The flashing 216 extends substantially along a plane but includes a first upwardly extending projection 230 that tapers upwardly, out of the plane. The first upwardly extending projection 230 has a first diameter d13 in the plane, and a second diameter d14 in a second plane that is substantially parallel to but spaced from the plane. The second diameter d14 is less than the first diameter d13, to form a truncated cone or frustoconical shape. The diameters d13 and d14 can be the same as or different than the diameters d1 and d2 of the projection 30 described above.

The first upwardly extending projection 230 defines an aperture 232 positioned substantially in the second plane. The illustrated upwardly extending projection 230 and aperture 232 are circular, but in other embodiments, can be square, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, ovular, or other regular or irregular shapes. The illustrated aperture 232 is substantially centered on the upwardly extending projection 230, but other, non-centered embodiments are possible. The third flashing 216 has a first side 234 and a second side 236 opposite the first side 234. The first side 234 and the second side 236 are substantially planar apart from the projection 230.

The third flashing 216 also includes a second upwardly extending projection 276 extending out of the first plane around a majority of the circumference of the first projection 230. The second upwardly extending projection 276 has a substantially curved shape and forms almost a complete ring around the first projection 230. The second projection 276 forms a channel, slit or other similar narrow aperture or path, such as the illustrated slit 278. The slit 278 can be oriented vertically below the upwardly extending projection 276 to provide a pathway for moisture to move away from the projection 230. Moisture can be moved or drawn away from the aperture 232 by at least one of wicking, capillary action, surface tension, gravity, and evaporation. In some embodiments, the slit 278 is positioned on a downhill side of the roof relative to the aperture 232 to utilize gravity to move fluid away from the projection 230. The projection 276 can further direct fluid away from the projection 230 to inhibit leakage of water into the aperture 232. In some embodiments, the slit 278 includes a cutout or downwardly protruding extension to further move fluid away from the projection 230 and aperture 232.

In other embodiments, the first and second projections 230, 276 can be formed together on a second sheet of flashing or other similar material, and the second sheet can then be secured (i.e., welded, brazed, soldered, glued or fastened in another conventional manner) to the flashing 216.

FIG. 39 illustrates a seal 218 inserted into the aperture 232, similar to the embodiments described above for seals 18 and 118. The seal 218 can contact both the first side 234 and the second side 236 of the flashing 216. The seal 218 can be inserted into the apertures 232 in any of the methods described above. The projection 230, aperture 232, and projection 276 can be formed into the flashing 216 during the same operation or by the same machine as when the seal 218 is inserted into the aperture 232. In other embodiments, the projections 230, 276 and aperture 232 can be formed into the flashing 216 prior to inserting the seal 218 into the aperture 232.

The slit 278 and projection 276 are shown in FIG. 39 more clearly, so as to illustrate the height difference between the flashing plane, the projection 230 and the projection 276. In the instance that fluid would flow over the projection 276 and up the projection 230, seal 218 would inhibit the fluid from entering the aperture 232.

The brackets 20, 20A, 120, 120A can be utilized with the embodiment shown in FIGS. 35-42. A bracket 220, as shown in FIGS. 40-42, can be also or alternatively be utilized with the flashing 216. The bracket 220 is generally z-shaped and includes an elongate body portion 252 having a first end 254 and a second end 256 spaced from the first end 254. A first flange 258 is coupled to the first end 254 and extends substantially perpendicular to the elongate body portion 252 in a first direction. A second flange 260 is coupled to the second end 256 and extends substantially perpendicular to the elongate body portion 252 in a second direction, opposite the first direction. The first flange 258 defines an aperture 262 extending substantially parallel to the elongate body portion 252. The illustrated aperture 262 is substantially ovular, but other shapes, such as circular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, and the like are possible. The aperture 262 is sized to receive a fastener, projection, or the like therethrough. The ovular shape of the aperture 262 permits flexibility and slight relative movement between the bracket 220 and the fastener, projection or the like, when installed.

The second flange 260 of the bracket 220 defines an aperture 268 that includes a first aperture portion 268 a, a second aperture portion 268 b, and a third aperture portion 268 c. The first aperture portion 268 a has is substantially ring-shaped and defines a first diameter d15. The second aperture portion 268 b has a substantially cylindrical shape and defines a second diameter d16 that is less than the first diameter d15. The third aperture portion 286 c is substantially circular and has a third diameter d17 that is less than the first and second diameters d15 and d16.

A downwardly protruding annular flange 282 extends between the first aperture portion 268 a and the second aperture portion 268 b. The first aperture portion 268 a is sized to receive the second projection 276. The downwardly protruding annular flange 282 is substantially planar with a distal surface of the second flange 260 of the bracket 220. The second projection 276 and the downwardly protruding annular flange 282 substantially mate, such that the downwardly protruding annular flange 282 contacts the flashing 216 between the first projection 230 and the second projection 276. The second aperture portion 268 b is sized to be smaller than the seal 218 to permit pre-loading of the seal 218, to thereby seal the aperture 268 with the seal 218. The first aperture portion 268 a, the downwardly protruding annular flange 282 and the second aperture portion 268 b, projection 230 and seal 218 work together to form a labyrinth seal to inhibit entry of fluid into the aperture 232.

A notch, channel, recess, or the like, such as the illustrated notch 284, can be defined in the bracket second flange 260. The notch 284 is in fluid communication with the first aperture portion 268 a. In the event that fluid flows between the bracket 220 and the flashing 216, the fluid is permitted to flow out through the slit 278 and/or the notch 284. In some embodiments, the slit 278 and notch 284 are substantially aligned and positioned on a downhill side of the roof relative to the projection 230. Gravity is then used to move fluid away from the aperture 232 via the slit 278 and/or notch 284 to further inhibit entry of fluid through aperture 232. Other sizes, shapes, quantities, and configurations of notches can be utilized in combination with the bracket 220.

The bracket 220 can be utilized in the above described embodiments in place of bracket 20 and 120. Alternatively, the brackets 20 and/or 120 can include a notch similar to the illustrated notch 284 to provide a path for fluid to flow away from the respective apertures 32, 132, 133. The bracket 220 can further include a tapered portion, similar to the tapered portions of brackets 20A and 120A. The bracket 220 with a tapered portion can be utilized in place of brackets 20A and 120A and can be shaped to mate with seal 18A. In some embodiments, the brackets 20A and/or 120A can include a notch similar to the illustrated notch 284 to provide a path for fluid flow away from the respective apertures 32, 132, 133.

FIGS. 43-47 illustrate another embodiment of a roofing system 310 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing systems 10, 110, 210 described above in connection with FIGS. 1-42. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-42. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-42 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing system 310 illustrated in FIGS. 43-47 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 43-47 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-42 are numbered in the 300 series of reference numbers.

FIGS. 43-47 illustrate a fourth flashing 316 associated with the present invention. The fourth flashing 316 is substantially in the shape of a rectangular sheet having square corners. The flashing 316 extends substantially along a plane but includes an upwardly extending projection 330 that tapers upward, out of the plane. The upwardly extending projection 330 has a first diameter d17 in the plane, and a second diameter d18 in a second plane that is substantially parallel to but spaced from the plane. The second diameter d18 is less than the first diameter d17, to form a truncated cone or frustoconical shape. The diameters d17 and d18 can be the same as or different than the diameters d1 and d2 of the projection 30 described above.

The projection 330, like the projections 30, 130, and 230, can define an aperture 332 positioned substantially in the second plane. The illustrated upwardly extending projection 330 and aperture 332 are circular, but in other embodiments, can be square, triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, ovular, or other regular or irregular shapes. The illustrated aperture 332 is substantially centered on the upwardly extending projection 330, but other, non-centered embodiments are possible. The fourth flashing 316 has a first side 334 and a second side 336 opposite the first side 334. The first side 334 and the second side 336 are substantially planar apart from the projection 330.

The flashing 316 can further define other non-planar features, such as a trench 386 extending circumferentially around the projection 330 and a channel 388, extending between the trench 386 and an edge of the flashing 316. The trench 386 can provide a pathway for fluid around the projection 330 to inhibit fluid flow up the projection 330, similar to the function of the projection ridge 276 shown in FIGS. 35-39. The channel 388 can provide a pathway for fluid to move away from the projection 330, similar to the function of the slit 278 shown in FIGS. 35-39.

Moisture can be moved or drawn away from the aperture 232 by at least one of wicking, capillary action, surface tension, gravity, and evaporation. In some embodiments, the channel 388 is positioned on a downhill side of the roof relative to the aperture 332 to utilize gravity to move fluid away from the projection 330. The trench 386 can further direct fluid away from the projection 330 to inhibit leakage of water into the aperture 232. In some embodiments, the channel 388 includes a cutout, scoring or downwardly protruding extension that extends a portion of the way to the edge of the flashing to further move fluid away from the projection 330 and aperture 332.

Although not specifically illustrated, a seal, such as seal 18, 18A, 118 or 218 can be inserted into the aperture 332, similar to the embodiments described above for seals 18, 18A, 118, and 218. Reference should be made to the descriptions of the above-described and illustrated seals 18, 18A, 118, and 218 for specific details on seals that can be utilized with flashing 316. The seal can contact both the first side 334 and the second side 336 of the flashing 316. In the instance that fluid would flow past the trench 386 and up the projection 330, seal 318 would inhibit the fluid from entering the aperture 332.

The seal can be inserted into the apertures 332 using any of the methods described above. The projection 330, aperture 332, trench 386, and channel 388 can be formed into the flashing 316 during the same operation or by the same machine as when the seal is inserted into the aperture 332. In other embodiments, the projection 330, trench 386, channel 388, and aperture 432 can be formed into the flashing 316 prior to inserting the seal into the aperture 332.

As shown in FIG. 47, a bracket 320 can be coupled to the flashing 316. Although a bracket similar to bracket 20 is shown, any of the above-described brackets, such as 20, 20A, 120, 120A or 220, can be utilized with the flashing 316. The flashing 316 can define two projections and thereby two trenches and a channel joining the trenches and extending to an edge of the flashing 316. In another embodiment, the flashing 316 can define two projections and two trenches, such that each trench joins a separate channel and each channel separately extends to an edge of the flashing 316. Other combinations and configurations of projections, slits, trenches and channels can be utilized within the scope of the present invention.

FIGS. 48 and 49 illustrate another embodiment of a bracket 420 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the brackets 20, 20A, 120, 120A, 220 or 320 described above in connection with FIGS. 1-47. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-47. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-47 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the bracket 420 illustrated in FIGS. 48 and 49 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 48 and 49 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-47 are numbered in the 400 series of reference numbers.

FIGS. 48 and 49 illustrate a bracket 420 similar to the bracket 20A shown in FIGS. 13A and 14A. The bracket 420 further includes a flexible membrane 490 coupled thereto adjacent aperture 466. The aperture 466 can be sized to receive the flexible membrane 490 in a first aperture portion 466 a, that has a diameter substantially equal to a diameter of the flexible membrane 490. The aperture 466 can further include a second aperture portion 466 b that is substantially tapered or frustoconical and has first and second diameters, both of which are less than the membrane diameter.

The flexible membrane 490 can be permanently or removably coupled to the bracket 420. The flexible membrane 490 can be affixed to the bracket 420 by a suitable adhesive. In some embodiments, a protective sheet or “sticker” is affixed to the flexible membrane 490 to protect the membrane 490 during manufacturing and shipping. The sticker is then removed from the membrane 490 prior to installation. The flexible membrane 490 can comprise a polymer, rubber, plastic or other suitable elastomeric material.

The bracket 420 can be coupled to any of the above-described flashing 16, 116, 216 or 316 or any other suitable flashing. The aperture 466 is sized to receive at least one of a projection and a seal, such as any of the projections and seals described herein. The flexible membrane 490 can deform around a projection without rupturing or cracking. In some embodiments, the flexible membrane 490 is used in place of a seal because the flexible membrane 490 sufficiently seals the aperture 466. A fastener, such as any of the fasteners illustrated and described herein can be inserted into the flexible membrane 490 to form an aperture in the flexible membrane 490. The flexible membrane 490 is operable to substantially retain its shape and resist further tearing or ripping. The flexible membrane 490 can closely adhere to the fastener to substantially seal the aperture 466. In embodiments that utilize brackets like 120 or 120A, a flexible membrane can be coupled to the bracket adjacent each aperture, whereas in other embodiments, a single flexible membrane can be coupled to the bracket covering both apertures.

FIGS. 50 and 51 illustrate another embodiment of a roofing system 510 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing systems described above in connection with FIGS. 1-49. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-49. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-49 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing system 510 illustrated in FIGS. 50 and 51 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 50 and 51 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-49 are numbered in the 500 series of reference numbers.

FIGS. 50 and 51 illustrate another roofing system 510 including flashing 516, a bracket 520, a fastener 522, and a compression washer 572. In some embodiments, such as the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 50 and 51, the flashing 516 is formed of a rigid or semi-rigid material and includes a first projection 530 similar to the previously-described projections 30, 130, 230, and 330. In other embodiments, the flashing 516 can be elastic or membranous, or alternatively, rigid or semi-rigid flashing can be supplemented with a flexible membrane. The flexible membrane can be similar to the flexible membrane 490 or can extend over substantially the entire surface area of the flashing 516. The flexible membrane can comprise a polymer, rubber, plastic or other similar material.

In embodiments in which the flexible membrane replaces the flashing 516, the projections 530 and 592 need not be formed into the flexible membrane. Rather, the flexible membrane can stretch and conform to the base 594 to include projections similar in shape and size to projections 530 and 592.

In the illustrated embodiments of FIGS. 50 and 51, the flashing 516 further includes a second projection 592 that extends in substantially the same direction as the first projection 530. The second projection 592 can be substantially circular, as illustrated, or can be ovular, square, rectangular, triangular, or other regular or non-regular shape. The second projection 592 is sized to at least partially receive or engage a rigid base 594 between the flashing 516 and a roof substrate. In embodiments in which the flashing 516 can be elastic or membranous, the first and/or second projections 530, 592 can be formed when the flashing 516 is draped across the base 594.

The illustrated base 594 is substantially circular, but can be ovular, square, rectangular, triangular or other regular or non-regular shapes. The geometry of the base 594 can correspond with the geometry of the second projection 592, or as mentioned above, can cause the flashing 516 to be formed around the contours of the base 594 such that the flashing 516 matingly engages the base 594.

The base 594 can include at least one tooth 596 depending downwardly therefrom. The illustrated base 594 includes three teeth 596 extending away from the flashing 516. The teeth 596 can bear against or grip a roof substrate to inhibit movement of the flashing 516 with respect to the roof substrate. In some embodiments, a user can press, push or pound the base 594 against the roof substrate, such as with a hammer. The base 594 retains the flashing 516 against the roof substrate to limit or eliminate gaps created by movement of the flashing 516 relative to the roof, roof substrate, and the like. The base 594 further permits the fastener 522 to be tightened against the flashing 516 and the bracket 520 without denting, deforming or damaging the flashing 516.

The illustrated base 594 further includes an aperture 598 and a projection 500 through which the aperture 598 extends. The illustrated aperture 598 and projection 500 are substantially centered on the base 594. The aperture 598 is sized to receive the fastener 522 and can be the same size or a similar size as aperture 532. The illustrated projection 500 extends into the space provided by the projection 530, and substantially mates with the projection 530, such that projections 530 and 500 extend together. The projections 530 and 500 work together to inhibit relative movement of the flashing 516 with respect to the roof.

The illustrated bracket 520 is substantially L-shaped and includes an elongate body portion 552 and a first flange 558. The illustrated elongate body portion 552 includes an aperture 569 that is sized to receive a fastener to support at least one of a snow guard, a snow fence, a solar panel, an antenna, a sign, and a billboard, or related components. The illustrated first flange 558 includes a tapered aperture 566 that is sized to at least partially receive the first projection 530 and the washer projection 500. The tapered aperture 566 is also sized to receive the fastener 522 therethrough.

In the illustrated embodiment, the compression washer 572 includes a washer and a seal, such as an o-ring. The fastener 522 has a head that bear against the washer and the washer bears against the o-ring to provide a resilient seal between the fastener head and the bracket 520.

The embodiments described above and illustrated in the figures are presented by way of example only and are not intended as a limitation upon the concepts and principles of the present invention. As such, it will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that various changes in the elements and their configuration and arrangement are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

FIGS. 52 and 53 illustrate another embodiment of a roofing system 610 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing systems described above in connection with FIGS. 1-51. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-51. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-51 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing system 610 illustrated in FIGS. 52 and 53 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 52 and 53 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-51 are numbered in the 600 series of reference numbers.

FIGS. 52 and 53 illustrate a roofing system 610 that includes a piece of flashing 616 defining an aperture 632 therethrough. The flashing aperture 632 defines a diameter d19 in FIG. 52 and diameter d20 in FIG. 53. The diameter d19 of FIG. 52 is greater than the diameter d20 of FIG. 53. In some embodiments, the flashing 616 can include a projection defining a substantially frustoconical shape, similar to the projections described above. The roofing system 610 further includes a roof bracket 620, which can include any of the previously-illustrated and described brackets. The illustrated bracket 620 is only partially shown, to more clearly illustrate the details of the engagement between the bracket 620 and the flashing 616. The illustrated bracket 620 includes an aperture 671 extending through the bracket 620 and having a substantially frustoconical shape.

The roofing system 610 also includes a seal 618 having a generally frustoconical shape and defining an aperture 648 extending therethrough. The seal 618 has a first narrow end 641 that defines a narrow seal diameter d21 and a second wide end 643 that defines a wide seal diameter d22. The narrow seal diameter d21 is less than the wide seal diameter d22. The first narrow end is spaced from the roof surface and the second wide end is proximate to or adjacent to the roof surface.

The roofing system 610 further includes at least one fastener, such as the illustrated fastener 622. The fastener 622 can be any threaded or unthreaded fastener suitable to retain the roofing system 610 on a roof. The fastener 622 extends through the flashing aperture 632, the seal aperture 648, and the bracket aperture 671. The fastener 622 has a fastener diameter d23, that is less than the flashing diameter d19 of FIG. 52 and is less than or substantially equal to the flashing diameter d20 of FIG. 53. The diameter of the fastener 622 is less than or substantially equal to the narrow seal diameter d21 and is less than the wide seal diameter d22. The seal aperture 648 can be sized to receive the fastener 622 and to optionally form a substantially water-tight seal with the fastener 622.

The roofing system 610 can further include a washer 672, as illustrated in FIG. 53. The washer 672 can be included in the embodiment of FIG. 52, or could be omitted from the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 53. The washer 672 can be a polymeric compression washer to provide a substantially water-tight seal between the fastener 622 and the bracket aperture 671. In some embodiments, the washer 672 can be omitted or can be replaced by an o-ring or an applied sealant, such as caulk. Alternatively or in addition, the washer 672 can include a stiffening element, such as, for example, a rigid backing, to provide additional support. The washer 672 can have an aperture that defines an diameter that is larger than or substantially equal to the diameter of the fastener 622.

FIG. 53 illustrates possible leak points of the roofing system 610. A first possible leak point A is between the head of the fastener 622 and the washer 672. A second possible leak point B is between the washer 672 and the bracket 620. A third possible leak point C is between the bracket 620 and the flashing 616. The washer 672, the fastener 622, the bracket 620 and the seal 618 work together to substantially inhibit or prevent flow of fluid through first and second leak points A, B. The bracket 620, the seal 618 and the flashing 616 work together to substantially inhibit or prevent flow of fluid through the third leak point C.

FIGS. 54-56 illustrate an alternative seal arrangement that can be used with any of the above-described applications. FIGS. 54-56 illustrate flashing 716 having a protrusion 730 defining an aperture 732 and a seal 718 extending therethrough. The flashing 716 includes a first surface 734 and a second surface 736 opposite the first surface 734. As shown in FIGS. 55-56, the seal 718 includes a first seal member 718A and a second seal member 718B. The first seal member 718A substantially mates with the second seal member 718B to have substantially the same shape as the seal 18 shown in FIGS. 6-7.

The illustrated first seal member 718A has a substantially T-shaped cross section and includes a first end portion 740A, a second end portion 742A and a middle portion 744A. The first seal member 718A defines a seal aperture 748 extending therethrough between the first end portion 740A and the second end portion 742A. The first end portion 740A of the illustrated embodiment has a first planar end surface 741 and a first outer diameter d24. The illustrated second end portion 742A defines an outwardly protruding flange 747A and has a second planar end surface 743A. The illustrated outwardly protruding flange 747A defines a second outer diameter d25 less than the first outer diameter d24.

The outwardly protruding flange 747A is deformable, such that the first seal member 718A is insertable into the aperture 732. In the illustrated embodiment, the outwardly protruding flange 747A retains the first seal member 718A in the aperture 732. As shown by arrow A in FIG. 56, the first seal member 718A is inserted into the aperture 732 from the flashing first surface 734 toward the flashing second surface 736. In the illustrated embodiment, the outwardly protruding flange 747A defines at least one cutout configured to decrease a force necessary to deform the outwardly protruding flange 747A. The outwardly protruding flange 747A is shown by way of example only and can take on many other sizes, shapes and configurations. In some embodiments, the outwardly protruding flange 747A may be omitted completely.

The illustrated second seal member 718B has a substantially frustoconical shape and includes a first end portion 744B and a second end portion 742B. The first end portion 744B is in substantial engagement with the middle portion 744A of the first seal member 718A, and the second end portion 742B is in substantial engagement with the second end portion 742A. The first and second seal members 718A and 718B are sized and shaped to form a water-tight seal therebetween. The second end portion 742B of the second seal member 718B defines a cutout 747B shaped to receive the outwardly protruding flange 747A. The illustrated flange 747A and cutout 747B are provided by way of example only, and other mating, inter-engaging configurations and arrangements of parts can be used in place of the illustrated flange 747A and cutout 747B. In the illustrated embodiment, the surface 743A is substantially co-planar with a second planar end surface 743B of the second end portion 742B. In other embodiments, the surface 743A is not co-planar with the second planar end surface 743B.

The second seal member 718B includes an inner surface 749 and an outer surface 751. The inner surface 749 includes the cutout 747B and substantially abuts against the middle portion 744A and the second end portion 742A of the first seal member 718A. The outer surface 751 has a substantially frustoconical shape and substantially abuts against the second surface 736 of the flashing 716. As shown by arrow B, the second seal member 718B is inserted into the protrusion 730 from the flashing second surface 736 into abutting engagement with the flashing second surface 736. The first and second seal members 718A and 718B can be pressed into mating engagement and retained on the flashing 716 by the inter-engagement of the outwardly protruding flange 747A and the cutout 747B.

A user can install the seal 718 on the flashing 716 on site by hand, without the use of special tools or equipment. The assembled flashing 716 and seal 718 may be positioned on the roof. A bracket may then be positioned on the seal 718 and the flashing 716, and a fastener may be installed to fix the assembly to the roof. The portion 740 of the seal 718 is between the flashing 716 and the bracket, and the portion 744A of the seal 718 is between the flashing 716 and the fastener, thus forming a water-tight seal to inhibit flow of fluid through the aperture 732.

FIG. 57 illustrates an alternative arrangement to provide a seal in the protrusion 730 with only the first seal member 718A. The illustrated first seal member 718A is the same as the first seal member 718A of FIGS. 54-56 but can have a different shape or configuration. A void 753 is defined between the middle portion 744A, the second end portion 742A and the protrusion 730. The void 753 is substantially the same size and shape of the second seal member 718B shown in FIGS. 54-56. The void 753 is substantially sealed from the outside environment by the first seal member 718A.

FIGS. 58-59 illustrate an alternate seal arrangement that can be used with any of the above-described applications. FIGS. 58-59 illustrate flashing 816 having a protrusion 830 defining an aperture 832 and a seal 818 extending therethrough. The flashing 816 includes a first surface 834 and a second surface 836 opposite the first surface 834. As shown in FIG. 59, the seal 818 includes a first seal member 818A and a second seal member 818B. The first seal member 818A substantially mates with the second seal member 818B to have shape similar to the seal 18 shown in FIGS. 6-7.

The first seal member 818A includes a ring 840 having a first surface 841A. The second seal member 818B includes a first end portion 840B, a second end portion 842 and a middle portion 844. The second seal member 818B has a first surface 841B and a second surface 843. The second seal member 818B defines an aperture 848 extending therethrough. The first surface 841A of the first seal member 818A and the first surface 841B of the second seal member 818B are not illustrated as co-planar but can be substantially co-planar in other embodiments (not shown).

The first end portion 840B includes an outwardly protruding flange 847 sized and shaped to retain the first seal member 818A in engagement with the second seal member 818B. The outwardly protruding flange 847 is flexible and deformable, thereby permitting the first seal member 818A to be pressed onto the second seal member 818B over the outwardly protruding flange 847. The flange 847 deforms and subsequently, returns to the original shape and thereby retains the first seal member 818A in engagement with the second seal member 818B. The first and second seal members 818A and 818B cooperate to form a substantially water-tight seal in the aperture 832. Like the seal arrangements illustrated in FIGS. 56-59, the seal 818 can be installed on the flashing 816 by hand on site, without the use of special tools or equipment.

Any of the illustrated seal embodiments can include a single monolithic piece or two or more pieces that combine to form the illustrated seal shapes and configurations.

FIGS. 60-62 illustrate another embodiment of a roofing system 1110 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing system described above in connection with FIGS. 1-59. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-59. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-59 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing system 1110 illustrated in FIGS. 60-62 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 60-62 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-59 are numbered in the 1100 series of reference numbers.

FIGS. 60-62 disclose a roofing system 1110 including a solar panel 1112 mounted to a track 1114 that is mountable to a roof in a substantially vertical orientation (i.e. extending substantially normal to a roof apex). A plurality of sections of flashing 1116 are provided where the solar panel 1112 and/or track 1114 are coupled to the roof. A plurality of brackets 1118 are positioned between the respective sections of flashing 1116 and the solar panel 1112. A plurality of fasteners 1120 extend through the respective bracket 1118, flashing 1116 and into the roof. Further fasteners 1122 couple the respective bracket 1118 to the track 1114. A second plurality of brackets 1126 are coupled to the solar panel 1112 and engage the roof in some embodiments, and are spaced above the roof in other embodiments. The second plurality of brackets 1126 are coupled to the solar panel 1112 with a plurality of fasteners 1128. The illustrated brackets 1118, 1126 are shown by way of example only. Any suitable brackets can be utilized, such as any of the brackets shown and described herein.

FIGS. 63 and 64 disclose a roof system 1210 including a solar panel 1212 mounted to a track 1214 that is mountable to a roof in a substantially horizontal orientation (i.e. extending substantially parallel to a roof apex). The roof system 1210 also includes a snow fence 1230 including a snow guard 1232 extending substantially perpendicular to a roof surface and a plurality of extensions 1234 a, 1234 b, etc. extending substantially parallel to the roof surface.

The illustrated snow fence 1230 is modular, such that any suitable number of extensions 1234 a, 1234 b, etc. can be utilized to achieve a desired length L of the snow fence 1230. The extensions 1234 a, 1234 b, etc. include a locking structure 1240 to releasably couple the extensions 1234 a, 1234 b, etc. to an adjacent extension.

The snow guard 1232 extends away from the extension 1234 a along a height of H. The snow guard 1232 is positioned a distance D away from the nearest edge of the solar panel 1212. In some embodiments H is less than or equal to two times D (H<2*D or H=2*D). The height H and distance D can vary for different angles of roofs and global locations. Preferably the height H and distance D are selected to limit or avoid shadows from the snow guard 1232 to partially or substantially cover the solar panel 1212.

The solar panel 1212 is spaced from the snow fence 1230 a desired distance d, in which d=D−L, to permit rain, snow or other precipitation from the solar panel 1212 to flow under the snow fence 1230. The precipitation can flow between the tracks 1214, optionally into a gutter, and off the roof. The snow guard 1232 can be positioned an angle that is non parallel to the roof apex to permit precipitation to flow off of one side of the snow guard 1232. The snow fence can be orientated at a non-parallel angle with respect to the roof to permit precipitation to flow off of one side of the snow fence 1230.

In some embodiments, a top surface of the extensions 1234 a, 1234 b, etc. can have a greater coefficient of friction than a top surface of the solar panel 1212. As precipitation slides along the solar panel 1212 the precipitation can gain speed and “fly” off the roof if not slowed or stopped. In some climates, this scenario can pose problems, depending upon the quantity and type(s) of precipitation experienced. The snow fence 1230 can slow or stop snow and ice from flying off the roof, but can permit rain to fall off of the roof. As the snow and/or ice melt, the water can run off of the extensions 1234 a, 1234 b by changing the angle of the snow guard 1232 and the extensions 1234 a, 1234 b, etc. with respect to the roof.

In some embodiments, one or more portions of the snow fence 1230 and track 1214 can function as a rain diverter by directing rain or snow melt away from doorways or walkways.

FIG. 65 illustrates a bracket and fastener arrangement 1300 that can be utilized with any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

FIGS. 66 and 67 illustrate an adjustable height bracket 1400 that can be utilized with any of the embodiments disclosed herein. The illustrated bracket 1400 permits an end user to select the distance between the roof and the solar panel and/or the distance between the roof and snow fence. FIGS. 66 and 67 illustrate the bracket 1400 in a first position that extends the height of the bracket to H1 (shown in phantom in FIG. 66). FIGS. 66 and 67 illustrates the bracket 1400 in a second position that retracts the height of the bracket to H2 (shown in solid in FIGS. 66 and 67). FIG. 66 illustrates the bracket in the second position in solid and in the first position in phantom. The illustrated bracket 1400 includes four possible heights, but brackets with other quantities and ranges of heights can be utilized.

FIGS. 68-70 illustrate an adjustable height bracket 1500 that can be utilized with any of the embodiments disclosed herein. The illustrated bracket 1500 permits an end user to select the distance between the roof and the solar panel and/or the distance between the roof and snow fence. The illustrated bracket 1500 is coupled to the snow fence 1230 and a portion of flashing. The illustrated bracket 1500 can be adjusted to any of a number of positions within a range. The illustrated bracket 1500 includes a first, generally L-shaped portion 1502 and a second, generally L-shaped portion 1504. The first, generally L-shaped portion 1502 includes a first pair of slots 1506, 1508 and the second, generally L-shaped portion includes a second pair of slots 1510, 1512. The first pair of slots 1506, 1508 are substantially aligned with the second pair of slots 1510, 1512 and a pair of fasteners 1514, 1516 are inserted into the respective slots 1506 and 1510, 1508 and 1512.

The first and second portions 1502, 1504 each include at least one rough surface that is formed, machined, molded, sanded or otherwise manufactured to have a high coefficient of friction. Two rough surfaces are illustrated, however, both a front and a back of the L-shaped portions 1502, 1504 can form rough surfaces. In such an embodiment, the rough surfaces face one another to engage and substantially “lock” together when the fasteners 1514 and 1516 are tightened. The height of the adjustable height bracket 1500 can be adjusted to any height in a range of heights. The range is at least partially dependent upon the length and location of the slots 1506, 1508, 1510, 1512. Other quantities, locations and orientations of slots and brackets can be utilized in combination with the present invention.

FIGS. 71-74 illustrate another embodiment of roofing assemblies 2026, 2046 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing assemblies described above in connection with the embodiments of FIGS. 1-70. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-70. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-70 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing assemblies 2026, 2046 illustrated in FIGS. 71-74 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 71-74 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-70 are numbered in the 2000 series of reference numbers.

FIGS. 71 and 72 show a roofing system 2010 including a number of rafters or beams 2012 (one such rafter 2012 is illustrated), a roof substrate 2014 (e.g., tarpaper, plywood or other decking material, insulation, and the like) supported on the rafters 2012, flashing 2016 extending across the substrate 2014 (i.e., placed immediately adjacent an upper surface of the substrate 2014 or supported on one or more intermediate layers of roofing or sealing material, which in turn are placed on the substrate 2014), a seal 2018, a first mounting bracket 2020 and at least one fastener 2022 operable to connect the first bracket 2020 to the roof substrate 2014 and the flashing 2016. In the illustrated embodiment, the roofing system 2010 includes a washer 2021 positioned between the first mounting bracket 2020 and the fastener 2022. In some embodiments, the washer 2021 can be a spring washer, a compression lock washer, a sealing ring or the like. In some embodiments, the washer 2021 is omitted. The roofing system 2010 is operable to support any of a variety of roof-mounted fixtures, such as, for example, snow fences, solar panels, an antenna, signs, billboards, or any of a number of other roof-mountable assemblies. Depending on one or more of the geographic location, anticipated quantity and type of precipitation, and anticipated roof and wind loading, the roofing system 10 can include any of a variety of flashing, seal and bracket arrangements, as will be discussed below.

The first bracket 2020 is operable to support any of a variety of roof-mounted fixtures, such as snow guards, snow fences, solar panels, an antenna, signs, billboards, or any other assembly mountable to a roof. Some roof-mounted fixtures are described in detail in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,326, filed Jun. 16, 1995, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,526,701, filed Dec. 6, 2000.

Prior to installation of the roofing system 2010, apertures 2024 are drilled or otherwise created in the rafters 2012 and/or substrate 2014. The illustrated embodiment shows an aperture 2024 in the rafter 2012 and the substrate 2014. The roofing system 2010 inhibits leakage of fluids through the flashing 2016, and, in some embodiments, may also or alternately inhibit leakage of fluids beyond the flashing to portions of the substrate 2014 or areas below the substrate 2014. The roofing system 2010 can be utilized on any of a variety of roof types, such as slate roofs, membrane roofs, aluminum roofs, standing seam roofs, tile roofs, shingle roofs, and the like.

One or more fasteners can be used to couple the first bracket 2020 to the seal 2018 and flashing 2016 to form a mounting assembly. One such assembly 2026 is illustrated in FIGS. 71-74 and includes the flashing 2016, the seal 2018, the first bracket 2020, one fastener 2022, and a washer 2028. The washer 2028 can be a spring washer, a sealing ring, a compression washer, or the like, to provide a substantially water-tight seal between the fastener 2022 and the first bracket 2020. In some embodiments, the washer 2028 can be omitted or can be supplemented by an o-ring or an applied sealant, such as caulk. Alternatively or in addition, the washer 2021 can include a stiffening element, such as, for example, a rigid backing, to provide additional support.

The assembly 2026 can be installed on a roof. The fastener 2022 can extend through the flashing 2016, the seal 2018, the first bracket 2020, into the substrate 2014 and the rafters 2012, as illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72. The washer 2028 and the seal 2018 work together to prevent or inhibit entry of water or other fluid between the flashing 2016 and the first bracket 2020 or under the flashing 2016 to the rafters 2012 and/or substrate 2014. Even though the illustrated fasteners are bolts, other fasteners, such as screws, studs, nails, and other removable and non-removable fasteners, can be used.

The illustrated first bracket 2020 includes a substantially planar first end 2030, first and second arms 2032, 2034 and a substantially planar second end 2036. The first end 2030 defines an aperture 2038 extending therethrough, through which the seal 2018 and fastener 2022 extend. The seal 2018 illustrated in FIG. 72 is substantially frustoconical in shape, but other shapes, configurations and arrangements can be utilized to provide a seal between the flashing 2016 and the first bracket 2020. The first bracket 2020 can have a suitably sized and shaped aperture to receive the seal 2018. The illustrated aperture 2038 includes a vertical portion and a tapered portion. The vertical portion is positioned near the washer 2028 and the tapered portion is positioned near the seal 2018. The tapered portion substantially mates with the seal 2018 to substantially inhibit flow of fluid through the aperture 2038. The flashing 2016 can also include a substantially frustoconical projection extending at least partially into the bracket aperture. Multiple suitable seals and receiving apertures are illustrated and described herein.

The illustrated first bracket 2020 defines an aperture 2040 bound by the first end 2030, the first and second arms 2032, 2034 and the second end 2036. The illustrated aperture 2040 is substantially rectangular in cross-section. Other aperture shapes, sizes and locations can be formed by the first bracket 2020. The first bracket 2020 can be cast, extruded, molded, or otherwise formed. In some embodiments, the first bracket 2020 is formed from steel, but in other embodiments, other metals or non-metallic materials can be utilized to form the first bracket 2020.

The illustrated second end 2036 defines an aperture 2042 sized to receive a second fastener 2044 therethrough. The second fastener 2044 is part of a second roofing assembly 2046 that further includes a plate 2048, a first nut 2050, a second nut 2052 and a second bracket 2054. The second roofing assembly 2046 is coupled to the assembly 2026 by the engagement of the fastener 2044 in the aperture 2042 in the second end 2036 of the first bracket 2020. The first nut 2050 can be positioned along the second fastener 2044 to adjust the relative length of the second fastener 2044 extending above the aperture 2042.

The illustrated second bracket 2054 is substantially U-shaped and includes a first flange 2056 and a second flange 2058. Other sizes, shapes and configurations can be utilized in place of the illustrated second bracket 2054. The first and second nuts 2050, 2052 permit adjustment of the length of the second fastener 2044 above the first bracket 2020. Specifically, a length L between the plate 2048 and the first and second flanges 2056, 2058 is variable due to the engagement of the first and second nuts 2050, 2052 and the second fastener 2044. The length L is adjustable to retain any of a variety of roof-mounted structures between the plate 2048 and the flanges 2056, 2058.

The first fastener 2022 defines a first axis A1 and the second fastener 2044 defines a second axis A2. A distance d between the first axis A1 and the second axis A2 is shown in FIG. 72. The second fastener 2044 is offset from the first fastener 2022 by the distance d. The first fastener 2022 extends into one of the beams 2012 and supports the second roofing assembly 2046 spaced from the beam 2012. This provides much greater flexibility for installation of the roofing system 2010, such that the second roofing assembly 2046 can be offset from the beams 2012 and still be supported by the beams 2012.

FIGS. 75-78 illustrate another embodiment of roofing assemblies 2126, 2146 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing assemblies described above in connection with the embodiments of FIGS. 1-74. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-74. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-74 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing assemblies 2126, 2146 illustrated in FIGS. 75-78 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 75-78 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-74 are numbered in the 2100 series of reference numbers.

The roofing assembly 2126 includes flashing 2116, a seal 2118, a first bracket 2120, a first fastener 2122 and a washer 2128. The flashing 2116, seal 2118, fastener 2122 and washer 2128 are similar to the flashing, seal, fastener and washer of previously-described embodiments. Reference should be made to the description of FIGS. 1-70 for the flashing 2116, seal 2118, fastener 2122 and washer 2128.

The illustrated first bracket 2120 includes a substantially planar first end 2130, a first side arm 2132, a middle arm 2133, a second side arm 2134, and a substantially planar second end 2136. The first end 2130 defines an aperture 2138 extending therethrough, through which the seal 2118 and fastener 2122 extend. The first bracket 2120 has generally the same overall shape as the first bracket 2020, but has a generally Z-shaped cross section. The middle arm 2133 includes an aperture 2138 extending therethrough proximate a head of the first fastener 2122. The aperture 2138 can permit fluid to drain away from the seal 2118, the first fastener 2122, and the washer 2128.

The illustrated second end 2136 defines an aperture 2142 sized to receive a second fastener 2144 therethrough. The second fastener 2144 is part of the second roofing assembly 2146 that further includes a plate 2148, a first nut 2150, a second nut 2152 and a second bracket 2154. The second roofing assembly 2146 is coupled to the roofing assembly 2126 by the engagement of the fastener 2144 in the aperture 2142 in the second end 2136 of the first bracket 2120. The first nut 2150 can be positioned along the second fastener 2144 to adjust the length of the second fastener 2144 extending above the aperture 2142 in the second end 2136. The second roofing assembly 2146 is similar to the second roofing assembly 2046 in the previous embodiment.

The illustrated second bracket 2154 is substantially U-shaped and includes a first flange 2156 and a second flange 2158. Other sizes, shapes and configurations can be utilized in place of the illustrated second bracket 2154. The first and second nuts 2150, 2152 permit adjustment of the relative length of the second fastener 2144 above the first bracket 2120. Specifically, a length L1 between the plate 2148 and the first and second flanges 2156, 2158 is variable due to the engagement of the first and second nuts 2150, 2152 and the second fastener 2144. The length L1 is adjustable to retain any of a variety of roof-mounted structures between the plate 2148 and the flanges 2156, 2158.

The first fastener 2122 defines a first axis A11 and the second fastener 2144 defines a second axis A12. A distance d1 between the first axis A11 and the second axis A12 is shown in FIG. 76. The second fastener 2144 is offset from the first fastener 2122 by the distance d1. The first fastener 2122 extends into one of the beams 2012 (illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72) and supports the second roofing assembly 2146 spaced from the beam 2012. This provides much greater flexibility for installation of the roofing system 2010 (illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72), such that the second roofing assembly 2146 can be offset from the beams 2012 and still be supported by the beams 2012.

FIGS. 79-82 illustrate another embodiment of a first bracket 2220 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the brackets described above in connection with FIGS. 1-78. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-78. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-78 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the first bracket 2220 illustrated in FIGS. 79-82 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 79-82 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-78 are numbered in the 2200 series of reference numbers.

The illustrated first bracket 2220 includes a substantially planar first end 2230, first and second arms 2232, 2234 and a substantially planar second end 2236. The first end 2230 defines an aperture 2238 extending therethrough, through which a seal and fastener can extend. The illustrated aperture 2238 includes a vertical portion 2238 a and a tapered portion 2238 b.

The illustrated first bracket 2220 defines an aperture 2240 bound by the first end 2230, the first and second arms 2232, 2234 and the second end 2236. The illustrated aperture 2240 is substantially rectangular in cross-section. Other aperture shapes, sizes and locations can be formed by the first bracket 2220. The first bracket 2220 can be cast, extruded, molded, or otherwise formed. In some embodiments, the first bracket 2220 is formed from steel, but in other embodiments, other metals or non-metallic materials can be utilized to form the first bracket 2220.

The illustrated second end 2236 defines an aperture 2242 sized to receive a fastener, such as the second fastener 2244 therethrough. The aperture 2238 is spaced from the aperture 2242 by a distance d2. As described in greater detail above, this provides much greater flexibility for installation of the bracket 2220 on a roof, such that a second assembly (such as 2046, 2146) can be offset from the beams 2012 and still be supported by the beams 2012.

FIGS. 83-85 illustrate another embodiment of roofing assemblies 2326, 2346 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing assemblies described above in connection with FIGS. 1-82. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-82. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-82 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing assemblies 2326, 2346 illustrated in FIGS. 83-85 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 83-85 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-82 are numbered in the 2300 series of reference numbers.

The roof mounting assembly 2326 includes flashing 2316, a seal (not shown), a first bracket 2320, a first fastener 2322 and a washer 2328. The flashing 2316, seal, fastener 2322 and washer 2328 are similar to the flashing, seal, fastener and washer of previously-described embodiments. Reference should be made to the description of FIGS. 1-82 for the flashing 2316, seal, fastener 2322 and washer 2328.

The illustrated first bracket 2320 includes a substantially planar first end 2330, a first side arm 2332, a middle arm 2333, a second side arm 2334 and a substantially planar second end 2336. The first end 2330 defines an aperture through which the fastener 2322 extends. The first bracket 2320 has the same general overall shape as the bracket 2120. The middle arm 2333 can include an aperture extending therethrough to permit fluid to drain away from the first fastener 2322 and the washer 2328.

The illustrated second end 2336 defines an aperture 2342 sized to receive a second fastener 2344 therethrough. The second fastener 2344 is part of a second roof mounting assembly 2346 that further includes a plate 2348, a first nut 2350, a second nut 2352 and a second bracket 2354. The second roof mounting assembly 2346 is coupled to the roof mounting assembly 2326 by the engagement of the second fastener 2344 in the aperture 2342 in the second end 2336 of the first bracket 2320. The first nut 2350 can be positioned along the second fastener 2344 to adjust the length of the second fastener 2344 extending above the second aperture 2342. The second roof mounting assembly 2346 is similar to the second roofing assembly 2046 in the previously-described embodiment. Reference should be made to the description of FIGS. 1-82 for details of the second roof mounting assembly 2346.

The illustrated second bracket 2354 is substantially U-shaped and includes a first flange 2356 and a second flange 2358. Other sizes, shapes and configurations can be utilized in place of the illustrated second bracket 2354. The first and second nuts 2350, 2352 permit adjustment of the relative length of the second fastener 2344 above the first bracket 2320. Specifically, a length between the plate 2348 and the first and second flanges 2356, 2358 is variable due to the engagement of the first and second nuts 2350, 2352 and the second fastener 2344, to retain any of a variety of roof-mounted structures between the plate 2348 and the flanges 2356, 2358.

As in the above-described embodiments, the first fastener 2322 is spaced from the second fastener 2344. The first fastener 2322 can extend into one of the beams 2012 (illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72) and support the second roof mounting assembly 2346 spaced from the beam 2012. This provides much greater flexibility for installation of the roofing system 2010 (illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72), such that the second roof mounting assembly 2346 can be offset from the beams 2012 and still be supported by the beams 2012.

Additionally, FIGS. 83 and 84 illustrate the first roof mounting assembly 2326 in a first orientation and FIG. 85 illustrates the first roof mounting assembly 2326 in a second orientation, rotated about the first fastener 2322 from the first orientation. In some embodiments, the first roof mounting assembly 2326 can rotate about 360 degrees to permit infinite adjustment of spacing between the first and second fasteners 2322, 2344 along an axis, within a range of distances. Such adjustment permits the second roof mounting assembly 2346 to be offset from the beam 2012 by varying distances without sacrificing structural integrity of the roof mounting structure.

FIGS. 86-88 illustrate another embodiment of roofing assemblies 2426, 2446 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing assemblies described above in connection with FIGS. 1-85. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-85. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-85 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing assemblies 2426, 2446 illustrated in FIGS. 86-88 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 86-88 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-85 are numbered in the 2400 series of reference numbers.

The roof mounting assembly 2426 includes flashing 2416 a seal 2418, a first bracket 2420, a first fastener 2422 and a washer 2428. The flashing 2416, seal 2418, fastener 2422 and washer 2428 are similar to the flashing, seal, fastener and washer of the previously-described embodiments. Reference should be made to the description of FIGS. 1-85 for the flashing 2416, seal 2418, fastener 2422 and washer 2428.

The illustrated first bracket 2420 includes a substantially planar first end 2430, a first side arm 2432, a second side arm 2434, and a substantially planar second end 2436. The first end 2430 defines an aperture 2438 extending therethrough, through which the seal 2418 and fastener 2422 extend. The first bracket 2420 has the same general overall shape as the first bracket 2020.

The illustrated first bracket 2420 defines an aperture 2440 bound by the first end 2430, the first and second arms 2432, 2434 and the second end 2436. The illustrated aperture 2440 is substantially rectangular in cross-section. Other aperture shapes, sizes and locations can be formed by the first bracket 2420. The first bracket 2420 can be cast, extruded, molded, or otherwise formed. In some embodiments, the first bracket 2420 is formed steel, but in other embodiments, other metals or non-metallic materials can be utilized to form the first bracket 2420.

The illustrated second end 2436 defines an aperture 2442 sized to receive a second fastener 2444 therethrough. The second fastener 2444 is part of the second roof mounting assembly 2446 that further includes a nut 2452, a second bracket 2454 and a third bracket 2445. The second and third brackets 2454, 2456 each include a respective slot 2457, 2459 through which the second fastener 2444 extends. The nut 2452 retains the second and third bracket 2454, 2456 on the first bracket 2420. The illustrated embodiment includes a washer 2460 positioned between the nut 2452 and the third bracket 2456. The illustrated second and third brackets 2454, 2456 are substantially J-shaped. Other sizes, shapes and configurations can be utilized in place of the illustrated second and third brackets 2454, 2456.

The illustrated second roof mounting assembly 2446 further includes a third fastener 2462 coupled to the second bracket 2454 and a fourth fastener 2464 coupled to the third bracket 2456. The third and fourth fasteners 2462, 2464 are positioned to selectively releasably retain one or more roof mounted structures on the second and third bracket 2454, 2456.

The slots 2457, 2459 permit movement of the second and third brackets 2454, 2456 toward and away from the first fastener 2422 to provide greater flexibility for installation. Specifically, the fastener 2422 extends into one of the beams 2012 (illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72) and supports the second roof mounting assembly 2446 spaced from the beam 2012. This provides much greater flexibility for installation of the roofing system 2010 (illustrated in FIGS. 71 and 72), such that the second roof mounting assembly 2446 can be offset from the beams 2012 and still be supported by the beams 2012. Further, the distance between the third and fourth fasteners 2462, 2464 is variable within a range, to permit the second roof mounting assembly 2446 to be coupled to any of a variety of roof mountable structures.

FIGS. 90-94 illustrate another embodiment of roofing assemblies 2526, 2546 according to the present invention. This embodiment employs much of the same structure and has many of the same properties as the embodiments of the roofing assemblies described above in connection with FIGS. 1-89. Accordingly, the following description focuses primarily upon structure and features that are different than the embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1-89. Reference should be made to the description above in connection with FIGS. 1-89 for additional information regarding the structure and features, and possible alternatives to the structure and features of the roofing assemblies 2526, 2546 illustrated in FIGS. 90-94 and described below. Features and elements in the embodiment of FIGS. 90-94 corresponding to features and elements in the embodiments described above in connection with of FIGS. 1-89 are numbered in the 2500 series of reference numbers.

The roof mounting assembly 2526 includes flashing 2516 a pair of seals 2518, a first bracket 2520, a first pair of fasteners 2522 and a pair of washers 2528. In some embodiments, the pair of washers 2528 include Neoprene bonded washers. The flashing 2516, seals 2518, fasteners 2522 and washers 2528 are similar to the flashing, seal, fastener and washer of the previously-described embodiments. Reference should be made to the description of FIGS. 1-89 for the flashing 2516, seals 2518, fasteners 2522 and washers 2528.

The illustrated first bracket 2520 includes a first substantially planar portion 2568 and a second substantially planar portion 2570. The first portion 2568 extends substantially perpendicular to the second portion 2570. The illustrated first bracket 2520 is substantially L-shaped. The first portion 2568 defines a pair of apertures (not shown) extending therethrough, through which the seals 2518 and fasteners 2522 extend. The first bracket 2520 can be cast, extruded, molded, or otherwise formed. In some embodiments, the first bracket 2520 is formed from steel, but in other embodiments, other metals or non-metallic materials can be utilized to form the first bracket 2520.

The second portion 2570 defines a pair of slots 2572 extending therethrough. The illustrated slots 2572 extend in a substantially vertical direction, but other shapes, sizes and orientations of slots can be formed in the first bracket 2520. The slots 2572 are sized to receive a respective one of a pair of second fastener 2544 therethrough. The pair of second fasteners 2544 is part of the second roof mounting assembly 2546 that further includes a first plate 2574, a second plate 2576 a pair of nuts 2578 and optionally, a plurality of washers 2580. The first plate 2574 includes a pair of apertures 2582 and the second plate 2576 includes a pair of apertures 2584, such that the apertures 2582, 2584 are sized to receive one of the second fasteners 2544.

The second roof mounting assembly 2546 is coupled to the first roof mounting assembly 2526 by the engagement of the fasteners 2544 in the slots 2572 in the second portion 2570 of the first bracket 2520 and the apertures 2582, 2584 in the first and second plates 2574, 2576, respectively. The pair of nuts 2578 is coupled to a respective one of the pair of fasteners 2544 to retain the fasteners 2544 in the slots 2572 and apertures 2582, 2584. The first plate 2574 is positioned on a first side of the second portion 2570 and the second plate 2576 is positioned on a second side of the second portion 2570, such that the second portion 2570 is sandwiched between the first and second plates 2574, 2576. In some embodiments, one or more of the second portion 2570, first plate 2574 and second plate 2576 include at least one textured surface. In the illustrated embodiment, the first and second sides of the second portion 2570 include serrated portions and the first plate 2574 includes a serrated portion, sized to engage the serrated portion(s) of the second portion 2570. The textured surface(s) can increase friction and thereby strength the engagement between the second portion 2570 and the first and second plates 2574, 2576.

The illustrated second plate 2576 includes a first flange 2586 and a second flange 2588. The first flange 2586 extends substantially parallel to the flashing 2516 and the second flange extends substantially perpendicular to the flashing 2516. The illustrated first and second flanges 2586, 2588 are sized and shaped to receive and support an L-shaped bar 2590. In some embodiments, the L-shaped bar 2590 is part of a structure to be mounted to a roof. In other embodiments, the L-shaped bar 2590 is sized to support a structure to be mounted to a roof. Other bars, brackets, rods, or other fixtures can be coupled to the second roof mounting assembly 2546 and the L-shaped bar 2590 is provided by way of example only.

The slots 2572 permit adjustment of the relative location of the first and second plates 2574, 2576 and thus the L-shaped bar 2590 with respect to the flashing 2516. The length and location of the slots 2572 are selected at least partially based upon the desired range of heights between the first flange 2586 and the flashing 2516. In a first position, the first flange 2586 is spaced above the flashing 2516 a first height h1, and in a second position, the first flange 2586 is spaced above the flashing 2516 a second height h2, greater than the first height h1, see FIG. 93.

The embodiments described above and illustrated in the figures are presented by way of example only and are not intended as a limitation upon the concepts and principles of the present invention. Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A roof mounting system, comprising: flashing defining a first aperture and a protrusion surrounding the first aperture; a base positionable on the flashing, the base including a second aperture alignable with the first aperture, the base comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein the second aperture is defined in the first portion, wherein the first portion is configured to at least partially surround the protrusion, wherein the first portion comprises a first plurality of channels, wherein the second portion comprises a second plurality of channels, wherein the second portion is configured to be adjustably coupled to the first portion, and wherein the height of the base is adjustable; a washer including a third aperture alignable with the first aperture and the second aperture; a fastener installable through the third aperture, the second aperture and the first aperture.
 2. The roof mounting system of claim 1, wherein the protrusion is at least partially surrounded by the second aperture in response to the base being positioned on the flashing.
 3. The roof mounting system of claim 1, further comprising a seal installable in the flashing.
 4. The roof mounting system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of channels is configured to at least partially engage the second plurality of channels.
 5. The roof mounting system of claim 1, wherein the base is configured to be height adjustable.
 6. The roof mounting system of claim 1, wherein the base is configured to support a solar panel mounting system.
 7. The roof mounting system of claim 1, wherein the first protrusion has a frustroconical profile.
 8. The roof mounting system of claim 1, wherein the second aperture has a frustroconical profile.
 9. A solar panel mounting system, comprising: flashing defining a first aperture and a protrusion surrounding the first aperture; a base positionable on the flashing, the base including a second aperture alignable with the first aperture, the base comprising a first piece and a second piece, wherein the first piece comprises a first plurality of height adjustment serrations, wherein the second piece comprises a second plurality of height adjustment serrations, wherein the second piece is configured to be adjustably coupled to the first piece, and wherein the position of the second piece is adjustable relative to the first piece of the base; a solar panel attachment operatively coupled to the base and configured to support at least a portion of a solar panel; and a seal including a third aperture alignable with the first aperture and the second aperture; a fastener installable through the third aperture, the second aperture and the first aperture.
 10. The panel mounting system of claim 9, wherein the solar panel attachment is a rail.
 11. The panel mounting system of claim 9, wherein the solar panel attachment is a support shelf and mid-clamp.
 12. The panel mounting system of claim 9, wherein the position of the base is adjustable on the flashing.
 13. The panel mounting system of claim 9, wherein the protrusion is at least partially surrounded by the second aperture in response to the base being positioned on the flashing.
 14. The panel mounting system of claim 9, further comprising a seal installable in the flashing.
 15. The panel mounting system of claim 9, wherein the first protrusion has a frustroconical profile.
 16. The panel mounting system of claim 9, wherein the second aperture has a frustroconical profile.
 17. A roof attachment point, comprising: flashing comprising a raised portion and a protrusion, the flashing defining a first aperture; a base positionable on the flashing, the base including a second aperture alignable with the first aperture, the base comprising a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion comprises a first plurality of channels, wherein the second portion comprises a second plurality of channels, wherein the second portion is configured to be adjustably coupled to the first portion, and wherein the second aperture is configured to at least partially surround the protrusion; a washer including a third aperture alignable with the first aperture and the second aperture, the washer including a first portion and a second portion; a fastener installable through the third aperture, the second aperture and the first aperture.
 18. The attachment point of claim 17, wherein the protrusion is defined within the raised portion.
 19. The attachment point of claim 17, wherein the protrusion is defined concentrically within the raised portion.
 20. The attachment point of claim 17, wherein the first aperture is defined concentrically within the protrusion and the raised portion. 